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''Capo di tutti capi'' or ''capo dei capi'', often referred to as the Godfather in English, is Italian for "boss of all bosses" or "boss of bosses". It is a phrase used mainly by the media, public and the law enforcement community to indicate a supremely powerful crime boss in the Sicilian or American Mafia who holds great influence over the whole organization. The title was introduced to the U.S. public by the Kefauver Commission (1950).〔De Stefano, ''An Offer We Can't Refuse'', p. 41〕 It has seldom been given to specific bosses because it could create tension between different factions (otherwise known as families) within the Mafia. Typically the title is awarded ''de facto'' to the boss of the most powerful Mafia family. ==American Mafia== The word was applied by mobsters to Giuseppe Morello around 1900, according to Nick Gentile.〔Critchley, ''The Origin of Organized Crime in America: The New York City Mafia, 1891-1931'', p.46〕 Bosses Joe Masseria (1928–1931) and Salvatore Maranzano (1931) used the title as part of their efforts to centralize control of the Mafia under themselves. When Maranzano won the Castellammarese War, he set himself up as boss of all bosses and ordered every Mafia family to pay him tribute. This provoked a rebellious reaction which led to him being murdered. Lucky Luciano then created The Commission in 1931 as an alternative.〔Critchley, ''The Origin of Organized Crime in America: The New York City Mafia, 1891-1931'', p. 196〕 The Commission consisted of the bosses of the Five Families in New York and some non New York families.〔Critchley, ''The Origin of Organized Crime in America: The New York City Mafia, 1891-1931'', p. 232〕 These men had equal say in Mafia matters. Since then, the title of boss of all bosses has been given by the media to the most powerful boss, although the Mafia never recognized the position itself. Genovese crime family bosses Lucky Luciano (1931–1946), Frank Costello (1946–1957) and Vito Genovese (1957–1959) were given the title. Following Genovese, Joseph Bonanno, boss of the Bonanno crime family, chaired the commission in 1959–1962. With the rise of Carlo Gambino, the Gambino crime family became the most powerful crime family and he was given the title from 1962–1976, as were his successors Paul Castellano (1976–1985), and John Gotti (1985–1992).〔Raab, ''Five Families'', p. 201.〕 With the fall of Gotti, Genovese Boss Vincent Gigante held the title from 1992–1997. The term has since fallen out of date. Bonanno family Boss Joseph Massino (2000–2004) was recognized by four of the five families.〔Corliss, Richard. Crittle, Simon. "("The Last Don )", ''Time Magazine'', March 29, 2004. Accessed June 21, 2008.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Capo di tutti capi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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